‘Black Hole’ traces 100 years of a transformative idea

Almost a century before Einstein was born, the English polymath John Michell speculated that a star of immense mass could exert enough gravitational force to imprison light. Michell’s insight marked the origin of an idea that was demonstrated in reality only in the 20th century, in the astrophysical offspring of Einstein’s general relativity known as the black hole.

In Black Hole, Marcia Bartusiak, an acclaimed science writer, tells the story of black holes as they emerged from studies of Einstein’s equations, focusing primarily on the period from the 1950s to the 1970s. Though first implied by the work of Karl Schwarzschild in 1916 — just months after Einstein had completed his theory — black holes weren’t seriously investigated until 1939, in a paper by J. Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland Snyder. The two showed that rather than just a heavy star that held light close, a black hole represented the disappearance of the star — its mass crushed to nothingness, leaving only the mass’s gravity behind.
World War II then stalled black hole research until the 1960s. During that decade various newly discovered astrophysical phenomena, such as quasars, forced physicists to revive general relativity, a theory that had been mostly neglected for decades. Gravitational collapse of matter to form a black hole, as implied by Einstein’s theory, turned out to be essential in explaining quasars. Although John Archibald Wheeler is given credit for coining the name black hole in 1967, Bartusiak points out that the term had already been in print journalistically in 1964, in Life magazine (January 24 issue) and a week earlier in this magazine, then called Science News Letter (1/18/64, p. 39).

Black Hole is engaging and lively, weaving in personal drama (tensions between Oppenheimer and Wheeler, for instance) with a clear account of the underlying science. Bartusiak also highlights the role black holes played in capturing the public imagination and fueling interest in the mysteries of the cosmos.

At present, artificial intelligence technology is developing vigorously, widely empowering thousands of industries, and bringing profound changes to human production and life. While artificial intelligence promotes social development, there are also risks and challenges.

A large number of artificial intelligence governance and development principles have been formed all over the world. The next step is to put the abstract principles into practice. As an important force in the research and development and application of enterprise artificial intelligence technology, it is urgent to explore a set of artificial intelligence governance practice system suitable for its own business development, implement all governance requirements into the whole life cycle of artificial intelligence, and lay the foundation for the release of artificial intelligence dividends with effective governance, thus accelerating the realization of sustainable development vision.

AI001: White Paper on Artificial Intelligence Core Technology Industry

AI 002: 2021 Love to analyze the application trend report of artificial intelligence

AI003: Data Security Risks and Governance of Artificial Intelligence

AI 004: Ten Technological Advances of Artificial Intelligence in 2020

AI 005: 2020 Panoramic Report of Artificial Intelligence Manufacturers in China

AI 006: 2020 China Artificial Intelligence Business Landing

AI007: White Paper on the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence

AI008: The Way to Win in the Future of Artificial Intelligence

AI009: White Paper on New Infrastructure Development of Artificial Intelligence

AI010: Tencent Artificial Intelligence White Paper

Typical case of ai 011: 5 Gai

AI 012: AI+White Paper on the Development and Application of Higher Education

AI013: China AI+ Retail Industry Development Research Report

AI014: China AI+ Retail Industry Development Research Report

AI 015: Panorama of AI Industry

AI 016: 2020 China AI Application Trend Report

AI 017: 2021 AI Intelligent Manufacturing Research Report

018: 2021 China AI Commercial Landing Market Research Report

AI 19: 2021 Research Report on the Development of Cognitive Intelligence

AI020: Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Development Exploration and Practice Case Set

AI 021: 2021 AI China-Taiwan White Paper

AI 022: 2021 Global Research Report on the Application of Artificial Intelligence Education

AI 023: 2021 White Paper on Trusted Artificial Intelligence

AI024: China AI+ Security Industry Development Research Report

AI 25: 2021 White Paper on Intelligence in the Cloud

AI 26: 2021 Research Report on Artificial Intelligence+Medical and Life Sciences Industry in China

AI027: China Cloud Native AI Development Platform White Paper

AI028：2021 Application Research of AIoT in China Smart City

AI029: White Paper on Empowering Urban Space Management in China AI Middle and Taiwan

AI030: White Paper on Cognitive Neural Basis of Artificial Intelligence

AI031: Path, Method and Leading Practice of Enterprise Intelligence

AI 032: White Paper on the Development of AI Framework (2022)

AI033: White Paper on Artificial Intelligence (2022)

AI 034: 2022 Top Ten Trends Report of Deep Synthesis

AI035: China AI Digital Commerce Industry Outlook 2021-2025

AI036: Explainable AI Development Report 2022

AI 037: 2022 White Paper on Baidu Artificial Intelligence Patent

038: Development status, application scenarios and typical enterprises of AI+digital twins

AI 039: 2022 Global Artificial Intelligence Industry Research Report

AI040: Digital Innovation of Neuroscience in China (2022)

AI041: White Paper on the Supporting Environment of Artificial Intelligence Education in Global Primary and Secondary Schools

AI 042: 2022 China Knowledge Map Industry Research Report

AI043: Panorama of Knowledge Points of Artificial Intelligence

AI044: Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) White Paper

AI 045: 2022 China AI Commercial Landing Research Report

AI046: China AI Technology Application Scenarios Market Research and Selection Evaluation

AI 047: 2022 Financial AI Development Research Report

AI048: Report on the Ecological Development of Trusted Artificial Intelligence Industry (2022)

AI 049: 2022 China Dialogue AI Industry Development White Paper

AI050: White Paper on Application Practice of Artificial Intelligence Technology

AI051: White Paper on Artificial Intelligence Standardization (2021 Edition)

AI052: Annual Report on Ethical Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Shang Tang (2022)

AI053: An Efficient Investigation Report of Artificial Intelligence Deep Learning Course

AI 054: 2022 White Paper on the Development of Artificial Intelligence

AI 055: 2022 White Paper on Medical AI Industry Research

AI056: White Paper on Practice of Artificial Intelligence Governance and Sustainable Development

The following is part of the report.

The answer to one of the greatest mysteries of the universe may come down to one of the smallest, and spookiest, particles.

Matter is common in the cosmos. Everything around us — from planets to stars to puppies — is made up of matter. But matter has a flip side: antimatter. Protons, electrons and other particles all have antimatter counterparts: antiprotons, positrons, etc. Yet for some reason antimatter is much rarer than matter — and no one knows why.
Physicists believe the universe was born with equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Since matter and antimatter counterparts annihilate on contact, that suggests the universe should have ended up with nothing but energy. Something must have tipped the balance.

Some physicists think lightweight subatomic particles called neutrinos could point to an answer. These particles are exceedingly tiny, with less than a millionth the mass of an electron (SN: 4/21/21). They’re produced in radioactive decays and in the sun and other cosmic environments. Known for their ethereal tendency to evade detection, neutrinos have earned the nickname “ghost particles.” These spooky particles, originally thought to have no mass at all, have a healthy track record of producing scientific surprises (SN: 10/6/15).

Now researchers are building enormous detectors to find out if neutrinos could help solve the mystery of the universe’s matter. The Hyper-Kamiokande experiment in Hida City, Japan, and the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment in Lead, S.D., will study neutrinos and their antimatter counterparts, antineutrinos. A difference in neutrinos’ and antineutrinos’ behavior might hint at the origins of the matter-antimatter imbalance, scientists suspect.

Watch the video below to find out how neutrinos might reveal why the universe contains, well, anything at all.